Welcome to the Academy!
Every time I see a grumpy post on the internet about how the Oscars don't matter or the Oscars are irrelevant or passe or [insert gripe here] my face contorts into a 'oh, that's cute' type of look, the one you might give the very naive if possibly well meaning transfer in your high school comedy.
I love her, she's like a Martian.
The Oscars have always mattered. The very fact that people can't stop bitching about them, for 80 some years now, suggests that they still very much do and always will. The Oscars have been synonymous with movie greatness for so many generations that whether or not any greatness is actually happening in their selections is the point of discussion. It's also why one wishes the governing body of AMPAS wouldn't act like such nervous jittery freshmen themselves, forever worrying about what they're wearing ('does this rule-change make me look fat?') and if they're listening to the right music ('no, yeah, i totally love that ____. Didn't you see my expanded BP playlist?!'') .
The Oscars are the cool table that everyone wants to sit at and 276 new kids (after the jump) have been invited to do just that.
One should note immediately that this doesn't mean these 276 people are now Academy members. You also have to accept the invitation (not everyone does). Or that they will all be voting on for the nominations you'll subsequently bitch about (not every member does). But it is fun to peruse and wonder about why these people were invited. In some cases it's a no brainer. And in others it's just bizarre whether because they have very little profiles and not much film work of note or... well, I don't want to be an asshole by naming them but some of the invitees each year are not exactly known for "quality" work and are thus suspect as the people who get to decide Greatness for the history books. Though I suppose it's worth noting again that being great at something and having critical thinking skills necessary to really ascertain greatness in something you're looking at within that same arena are two different aptitudes.
Actors
Jason Bateman – "Up in the Air," "Juno"
Miriam Colon – "City of Hope," "Scarface"
Rosario Dawson – "Rent," "Frank Miller's Sin City"
Kimberly Elise – "For Colored Girls," "Beloved"
Joseph Gordon-Levitt – "Lincoln," "The Dark Knight Rises"
Charles Grodin – "Midnight Run," "The Heartbreak Kid"
Rebecca Hall – "Iron Man 3," "The Town"
Lance Henriksen – "Aliens," "The Terminator"
Jack Huston – "Not Fade Away," "Factory Girl"
Milla Jovovich – "Resident Evil," "Chaplin"
Lucy Liu – "Kill Bill: Vol. 1," "Chicago"
Jennifer Lopez – "What to Expect When You're Expecting," "Selena"
Alma Martinez – "Born in East L.A.," "Under Fire"
Emily Mortimer – "Hugo," "Lars and the Real Girl"
Sandra Oh – "Rabbit Hole," "Sideways"
Paula Patton – "Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol," "Precious: Based on the Novel 'Push' by Sapphire"
Michael Peña – "End of Watch," "Crash"
Emmanuelle Riva – "Amour," "Hiroshima, Mon Amour"
Jason Schwartzman – "Moonrise Kingdom," "Rushmore"
Geno Silva – "Mulholland Drive," "Amistad"
Danny Trejo – "Machete," "Heat"
Chris Tucker – "Silver Linings Playbook," "Rush Hour"
note 1
The Oscars have been trying to combat charges that their membership is not diverse (skewing older, male and white) so you can totally see them pushing back against that in their invitations for the actors branch. Of their 22 invitees, exactly 50% are people of color. FWIW, the actors branch has almost always been the most diverse if only for the rough math that 50% of them are female.
Cinematographers
Luca Bigazzi – "This Must Be the Place," "Certified Copy"
Benoît Delhomme – "The Boy in the Striped Pajamas," "The Proposition"
Simon Duggan – "The Great Gatsby," "Killer Elite"
Greig Fraser – "Zero Dark Thirty," "Snow White and the Huntsman"
Jonathan Freeman – "Remember Me," "Fifty Dead Men Walking"
Greg Gardiner – "Race to Witch Mountain," "Elf"
Eric Gautier – "Into the Wild," "The Motorcycle Diaries"
Agnès Godard – "Sister," "Beau Travail"
Eduard Grau – "Buried," "A Single Man"
Jess Hall – "The Spectacular Now," "Brideshead Revisited"
Fred Kelemen – "The Turin Horse," "The Man from London"
Mark Lee Ping Bing – "Norwegian Wood," "In the Mood for Love"
Reed Morano – "Little Birds," "Frozen River"
Oleg Mutu – "Beyond the Hills," "4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days"
Alex Nepomniaschy – "Narc," "Safe"
Christian Sebaldt – "Resident Evil: Apocalypse," "Race to Space"
Ben Seresin – "World War Z," "Unstoppable"
Adam Stone – "Mud," "Take Shelter"
Checco Varese – "Girl in Progress," "The Aura"
Ken Zunder – "Bending the Rules," "That's What I Am"
note 2
A lot of non-Americans but the Cinematography profession has always had super-stars of multiple nationalities, even in decidedly American cinema. I love Eric Gautier but it seems like he's never going to be nominated. This year he's lensing Grace of Monaco. And three cheers for the invitation of Australia's Greig Fraser, who is arguably the best newish cinematographer working and also still waiting on his first nomination. Absurd!
Costume Designers
Paco Delgado – "Les Misérables," "Biutiful"
Sophie de Rakoff – "This Means War," "Legally Blonde"
Carlo Poggioli – "Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter," "Cold Mountain"
note 3
for the first time this year the Costume Designers have their own separate branch. It will be interesting to see if that changes their nominating habits a bit
Designers
Lori Balton – "Argo," "The Dark Knight Rises"
Judy Becker – "Silver Linings Playbook," "The Fighter"
Simon Bright – "The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey," "Avatar"
Martin T. Charles – "Marvel's The Avengers," "The Artist"
David M. Crank – "The Master," "Lincoln"
Stefan Paul Dechant – "Oz The Great and Powerful," "True Grit"
Tracey A. Doyle – "The Muppets," "21"
Anna Lynch-Robinson – "Les Misérables," "An Education"
Maria Nay – "Identity Thief," "Ray"
David Smith – "Crazy, Stupid, Love.," "The Holiday"
Directors
Nikolaj Arcel – "A Royal Affair," "Truth about Men"
Ava DuVernay* – "Middle of Nowhere," "I Will Follow"
Paul Feig – "The Heat," "Bridesmaids"
Catherine Hardwicke – "Twilight," "Thirteen"
Kirk Jones – "What to Expect When You're Expecting," "Waking Ned Devine"
Ken Kwapis – "Big Miracle," "The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants"
Pablo Larraín – "No," "Tony Manero"
Steve McQueen – "Shame," "Hunger"
Kim Nguyen – "War Witch (Rebelle)," "City of Shadows"
Jafar Panahi* – "This Is Not a Film," "The Circle"
Todd Phillips – "The Hangover," "Old School"
Joachim Rønning – "Kon-Tiki," "Max Manus"
Espen Sandberg – "Kon-Tiki," "Max Manus"
Tim Story – "Think Like a Man," "Fantastic Four"
Benh Zeitlin – "Beasts of the Southern Wild," "Glory at Sea"
note 4
Here is where you often see the directors of the previous year's Foreign Film nominees cropping up and yep, they're there. Interesting that both Ana DuVarnay (who we hope has a huge career ahead of her after Middle of Nowhere) and Jafar Panahi, both of whom have never been nominated were invited to more than one branch while the similarly multi-hyphenate Benh Zeitlin, an Oscar nominee last year for Beast of the Southern Wild, was only invited into the directors branch.
Documentary
Orlando Bagwell – "Citizen King," "Malcolm X: Make It Plain"
Rebecca Cammisa – "God Is the Bigger Elvis," "Which Way Home"
Yung Chang – "China Heavyweight," "Up the Yangtze"
Michael Chin – "Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple," "In the Shadow of the Stars"
Christine Choy – "In the Name of the Emperor," "Who Killed Vincent Chin?"
Bonni Cohen – "The Island President," "Wonders Are Many: The Making of Doctor Atomic"
Eduardo Coutinho – "As Canções," "Cabra Marcado Para Morrer (Twenty Years Later)"
Miriam Cutler – "Kings Point," "Ethel"
Andrea Nix Fine – "Inocente," "War/Dance"
Sean Fine – "Inocente," "War/Dance"
Robert Frank – "Cocksucker Blues," "Pull My Daisy"
William Greaves – "Ralph Bunche: An American Odyssey," "Symbiopsychotaxiplasm: Take One"
Lauren Greenfield – "The Queen of Versailles," "Thin"
Patricio Guzmán – "Nostalgia for the Light," "The Battle of Chile"
Vivien Hillgrove – "Symphony of the Soil," "In the Matter of Cha Jung Hee"
Heddy Honigmann – "El Olvido (Oblivion)," "Crazy"
Vikram Jayanti – "The Agony and the Ecstasy of Phil Spector," "Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine"
Peter Kinoy – "Poverty Outlaw," "When the Mountains Tremble"
Claude Lanzmann – "Le Rapport Karski (The Karski Report)," "Shoah"
Kim Longinotto – "Rough Aunties," "Sisters in Law"
Stanley Nelson – "Freedom Riders," "Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple"
Jehane Noujaim – "Control Room," "Startup.com"
Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy – "Transgenders: Pakistan's Open Secret," "Saving Face"
Marcel Ophuls – "Hotel Terminus: The Life and Times of Klaus Barbie," "The Sorrow and the Pity"
José Padilha – "Secrets of the Tribe," "Bus 174 (Ônibus 174)"
Jafar Panahi* – "This Is Not a Film," "The Circle"
Elise Pearlstein – "Last Call at the Oasis," "Food, Inc."
Raoul Peck – "Fatal Assistance (Assistance Mortelle)," "Lumumba: La Mort du Prophète"
Kevin Rafferty – "Harvard Beats Yale 29-29," "The Atomic Cafe"
J. Ralph* – "Chasing Ice," "Man on Wire"
Bob Richman – "Paradise Lost 3: Purgatory," "Waiting for 'Superman'"
T. Woody Richman – "How to Survive a Plague," "Fahrenheit 9/11"
Veronica Selver – "Berkeley in the Sixties," "You Got to Move: Stories of Change in the South"
Jon Shenk – "The Island President," "Lost Boys of Sudan"
Ricki Stern – "Joan Rivers: A Piece of Work," "The Devil Came on Horseback"
Robert Stone – "Earth Days," "Radio Bikini"
Annie Sundberg – "Joan Rivers: A Piece of Work," "The Devil Came on Horseback"
Renee Tajima-Pena – "Who Killed Vincent Chin?," "My America (Or Honk If You Love Buddha)"
Agnès Varda – "The Beaches of Agnès," "The Gleaners and I"
Roger Ross Williams – "God Loves Uganda," "Music by Prudence"
Pamela Yates – "Granito: How to Nail a Dictator," "The Reckoning: The Battle for the International Criminal Court"
Amy Ziering – "The Invisible War," "Derrida"
Executives
Holly Bario
Jeb Brody
Eric d'Arbeloff
Dean C. Hallett
Lynn Harris
Jeff Ivers
Jonathan King
Robert Kirby
Dylan Leiner
Nick Meyer
Andrew Millstein
Hannah Minghella
Angela Morrison
Brian Roberts
Mark Roybal
Tucker Tooley
Kevin Tsujihara
Film Editors
Michael Berenbaum – "What to Expect When You're Expecting," "Sex and the City"
Jeff Freeman – "Ted," "Cruel Intentions"
James Haygood – "Where the Wild Things Are," "Fight Club"
Stuart Levy – "Savages," "Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps"
Mary Jo Markey – "Star Trek Into Darkness," "Super 8"
Makeup Artists and Hairstylists
Luisa Abel – "The Dark Knight Rises," "Inception"
Anne Aulenta-Spira – "The Place beyond the Pines," "Drive"
Terry Baliel – "The Dark Knight Rises," "J. Edgar"
Thomas Floutz – "The Call," "Hellboy II: The Golden Army"
Kay Georgiou – "Promised Land," "Lincoln"
Bernadette Mazur – "Men in Black 3," "The Campaign"
Kim Santantonio – "Gangster Squad," "Frost/Nixon"
Lisa Tomblin – "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2," "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1"
Kelvin R. Trahan – "Argo," "Memoirs of a Geisha"
Lisa Westcott – "Les Misérables," "Shakespeare in Love"
Members-at-Large
Victoria Alonso
Fred Baron
Ben Bray
Pieter Jan Brugge
Jackie Burch
Leo Davis
Susie Figgis
Lori Furie
Glenn S. Gainor
Joe Gareri
Lance Gilbert
Andy Gill
Mindy Marin
Laray Mayfield
Jeanne McCarthy
Neil Meron
Gary Powell
Ned Price
Michelle Satter
Stefan Sonnenfeld
Cindy Tolan
Brent Woolsey
Music
Ramiro Belgardt – "Star Trek Into Darkness," "Lincoln"
Ramin Djawadi – "Safe House," "Iron Man"
Jennifer Dunnington – "The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey," "Hugo"
Siedah Garrett – "Rio," "Dreamgirls"
Joe Hisaishi – "Ponyo," "Spirited Away"
Henry Jackman – "This Is the End," "Wreck-It Ralph"
Cliff Martinez – "Drive," "Traffic"
Prince – "Purple Rain," "Happy Feet"
J. Ralph* – "Chasing Ice," "Man on Wire"
Aaron Lael Zigman – "Peeples," "Sex and the City"
note 5
Surely Prince, an Oscar winner already for Purple Rain, has been invited before? It's hard to imagine him accepting OR sitting down with a ballot and a stack of screeners in his mansion in Minneapolis though, right?
Producers
Stefan Arndt – "Amour," "The White Ribbon"
Jason Blum – "The Purge," "Paranormal Activity"
Finola Dwyer – "Quartet," "An Education"
Jack Giarraputo – "Anger Management," "The Wedding Singer"
Veit Heiduschka – "Amour," "The White Ribbon"
Lloyd Levin – "Green Zone," "Watchmen"
Julie Lynn – "Albert Nobbs," "Nine Lives"
Margaret Menegoz – "Amour," "The White Ribbon"
Andrea Sperling – "Smashed," "Like Crazy"
Public Relations
Rachel Cadden
Theresa Cross
Jeff S. Elefterion
Julie Fontaine
Jackson George
Anne Globe
Michael Lawson
Dennis O'Connor
Blair Rich
John G. Sabel
Short Films and Feature Animation
Marc Bertrand – "Gloria Victoria," "Hollow Land"
Bryan Buckley – "Asad," "The Wake-Up Caller"
Shawn Christensen – "Curfew," "Brink"
Eric Darnell – "Madagascar," "Shrek"
John C. Donkin – "Ice Age Continental Drift," "Gone Nutty"
Ken Duncan – "9," "Shark Tale"
Danielle Feinberg – "Brave," "WALL-E"
Sam Fell – "ParaNorman," "The Tale of Despereaux"
Matt Groening – "Maggie Simpson in 'The Longest Daycare,'" "The Simpsons Movie"
Vicky Jenson – "Shark Tale," "Shrek"
Travis Knight – "ParaNorman," "Coraline"
Steve May – "Brave," "Up"
Rich Moore – "Wreck-It Ralph," "Dr. Seuss' Horton Hears a Who!"
Robert Neuman – "Wreck-It Ralph," "Tangled"
Brandon Oldenburg – "Rise of the Guardians," "The Fantastic Flying Books of Mr. Morris Lessmore"
PES – "Fresh Guacamole," "Western Spaghetti"
Steve Pilcher – "Brave," "Shrek the Third"
Normand Roger – "Hollow Land," "The Banquet of the Concubine"
Clark Spencer – "Wreck-It Ralph," "Bolt"
Sound
Bobbi Banks – "The Call," "Hustle & Flow"
Jose Antonio Garcia – "Argo," "Babel"
Simon Hayes – "Les Misérables," "X-Men: First Class"
Edward J. Hernandez – "Real Steel," "Basic Instinct"
Daniel S. Irwin – "Prometheus," "Little Children"
Drew Kunin – "Life of Pi," "Lost in Translation"
Michael W. Mitchell – "The Dark Knight Rises," "The Matrix Reloaded"
Tom Ozanich – "Project X," "Kill Bill: Vol. 2"
Mark Paterson – "Les Misérables," "The Pirates! Band of Misfits"
Richard Pryke – "127 Hours," "Slumdog Millionaire"
Erin Michael Rettig – "A Good Day to Die Hard," "X-Men Origins: Wolverine"
Ann Scibelli – "Prometheus," "Inglourious Basterds"
Brian T. Slack – "Chéri," "Crossover"
Bruce Tanis – "Gangster Squad," "X-Men: First Class"
F. Elmo Weber – "Identity Thief," "The Kids Are All Right"
Christopher T. Welch – "Silver Linings Playbook," "(500) Days of Summer"
Dave Whitehead – "The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey," "District 9"
Stuart Wilson – "Skyfall," "War Horse"
Visual Effects
Jason Bayever – "Life of Pi," "The Wolfman"
Mark Breakspear – "The Great Gatsby," "Tropic Thunder"
Philip Brennan – "Snow White and the Huntsman," "Minority Report"
Tony Clark – "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides," "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire"
David Clayton – "The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey," "Avatar"
Michael Dawson – "Snow White and the Huntsman," "The Devil's Double"
Erik-Jan De Boer – "Life of Pi," "Night at the Museum"
Donald R. Elliott – "Life of Pi," "Seabiscuit"
John Goodson – "Red Tails," "Marvel's The Avengers"
Charley Henley – "Prometheus," "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix"
John McLeod – "Django Unchained," "The Aviator"
Mark Noel – "Oz The Great and Powerful," "Transformers"
David Prescott – "Transformers," "X-Men"
Guillaume Rocheron – "Life of Pi," "Sucker Punch"
Wendy Rogers – "Puss in Boots," "Shrek"
David Alexander Smith – "The Amazing Spider-Man," "The Matrix Reloaded"
Wayne Stables – "The Adventures of Tintin," "Avatar"
Richard Stammers – "Prometheus," "Angels & Demons"
Richard Stutsman – "Zero Dark Thirty," "Independence Day"
Christopher Townsend – "Captain America: The First Avenger," "The Day after Tomorrow"
Stephan Trojansky – "Marvel's The Avengers," "Hereafter"
David Watkins – "Ali," "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom"
Jeff White – "Marvel's The Avengers," "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull"
Trevor Wood – "Prometheus," "The Golden Compass"
Writers
Jessica Bendinger – "Aquamarine," "Bring It On"
Reggie Rock Bythewood – "Notorious," "Get on the Bus"
Tina Gordon Chism – "Peeples," "Drumline"
Julie Delpy – "Before Midnight," "2 Days in Paris"
Lena Dunham – "Nobody Walks," "Tiny Furniture"
Ava DuVernay* – "Middle of Nowhere," "I Will Follow"
John Gatins – "Flight," "Coach Carter"
John Hamburg – "I Love You, Man," "Meet the Parents"
John Lee Hancock – "Snow White and the Huntsman," "The Blind Side"
Rian Johnson – "Looper," "Brick"
Jeff Nichols – "Mud," "Take Shelter"
Sarah Polley – "Take This Waltz," "Away from Her"
Chris Terrio – "Argo," "Heights"
note 6
Neat to see two famous smart actresses (Delpy & Polley) invited to the Writing branch. But this begs the question: are they already members of the Acting branch?
Associates
Lorrie Bartlett
Paul Bronfman
Markham L. Goldstein
Robert Harvey
Gregory S. Laemmle
Sandra Marsh
Adam Schweitzer
Kimberly Snyder
Matthew L. Snyder
Les Zellan
WELCOME ONE AND ALL
Reader Comments (22)
Now that Eric Gautier is a member, he should vote for himself. With any luck, he'll pull a Barbra Streisand after FUNNY GIRL and end up voting himself right into a win!
You're right, the Academy should have more pride in themselves.
But I still can't understand why they keep inviting TV people who made 1-2 movies of importance or people like Jennifer Lopez... Adam Sandler... Chris Tucker...
Jorge -- i can't quite figure it either. More mystifying is the people who most people have never heard getting invited to the acting branch who've also made very few films. But perhaps they have genius level talents that everyone knows haven't been properly exploited or they're counting their strong stage or tv work.
To answer the one question: Delpy and Polley are not members of the Actors Branch, just as Ava Duvernay will not be accepting all her invitations. Rules dictate that members can only be part of ONE branch, and those nominated in multiple ones must choose who they want to represent. This leads to crazy things like the aforementioned Delpy/Polley madness. SURELY THEY'RE MEMBERS, you think, but no. No.
Meanwhile, MIRIAM COLON GET IT GIRL!
And am I the only one who finds it odd that Greig Fraser and Gordon-Levitt weren't already members? Even Jason Schwartzmann, for effin sake, how many Wes Anderson movies was he in? He was in RUSHMORE! 1998!! Ugh.
And I hope Jeff Nichols and Julie Delpy were already members of the directing and acting branch respectively.
Don't you need to have several people who are already members recommend you. Maybe someone like Miriam Colon (??) just has very good connections.
Paula Patton and Jack Huston?! That's weird...Well, Patton more than Huston.
Also, wow, that it took J.Lo this long to get an invite!
Yay for Ava Duvernay! She did a great short film for Miu Miu that's worth checking out in addition to her other work.
LENA. FUCKING. DUNHAM?? YOU SURE 'BOUT THAT??
Old man choice, that was not.
I know Greig and I am so thrilled for him.
He is so overdue for his first nomination, he should have at least two already. His work on Bright Star and Zero Dark Thirty is stupendous.
I'm so thrilled for his amazing career.
Everyone knows that unless you're a nominee/winner, you have to petition/apply to be invited, with two AMPAS members sponsoring you, right? I wonder how many people actually do apply each year, especially in the acting branch.
Walter -- that's actually incorrect. Warren Beatty for instance is a member of at least two branches. You can be a member of more than one branch. It's just that, you can't become a member of two branches simultaneously as you join.
two brazilians in documentary: eduardo coutinho and josé padilha! o/
(but josé padilha is also directing fictional films now... he's directed two "elite squad" movies and he is also the helmer of the new "robocop" film)
I'm curious though: does anyone here (who's not a brazilian) know eduardo coutinho? I don't know how his movies would translate to people from other countries. I loved the two movies I've seen from him: "jogo de cena" and "edifício master", but on the surface their subjects are not that 'special', it's regular people telling (or 'acting' the telling of, with "jogo de cena") personal stories.
Ryan -- i love Lena Dunham but that seems REALLY odd to me. She's only written three movies, only one of which got any kind of release, and her attention is clearly on an another arform entirely.
Nathaniel, I feel like the Dunham invite is partly because of her TV buzz, partly because of her youth cred and especially because they like to invite on-the-rise artists sometimes to feel like they are ahead of the curve.
Maybe they feel when she wraps up GIRLS and does a second feature and it succeeds she'll get a nomination? Dunno.
P.S. - One thing I found ironic in these lists was when I went back to 2011 and 2012 invitees and people saying THE NASTIEST THINGS about Matthew MacConaughey getting an invitation and now look at where he is in critical acclaim.
Ha! How 2 years change a career...
'Even Jason Schwartzmann, for effin sake, how many Wes Anderson movies was he in? He was in RUSHMORE! 1998!!"
man, talk about the dark ages.... now get off my lawn!
i can't decide if i'm dumbstruck they ignored charles grodin all these years or amazed they finally remembered him
Wow Marcelo, I wouldn´t have noticed that Eduardo Coutinho was invited if it wasn´t for you. That is really unexpected and cool! I mean, I am not sure how well his films translate to non-Brazilian audiences, but he is a master of documentary filmmaking. Very deserved.
You have to wonder how much influence ten or so actors of colour can really make to the line up, but it's all part of the process. Maybe eventually it'll all be even.
I'm amazed that Delpy wasn't invited to join 8 years ago, when she was nominated for a screenwriting Oscar.
And I agree with everyone's comments on Dunham. Delpy and Dunham are invited to join the writer's branch the same year? That seems wrong.
Andrew -- since you know Greig personally, make sure to tell him "hi" and "The Film Experience loves you!" [/shameless]
Agnes Varda wasn't already in the Documentary branch? About time.
fbh -- maybe she always turns it down?
Good to see Padilha and Coutinho- who is a GENIUS- invited.
Two brazillians have declined to join: Walter Salles and Fernanda Montenegro.